Skip to main content

Land reform in India

Land Reform                    
India is an agrarian country. A large part of income comes from the agriculture sector. Though the agrarian structure was not so good in India and considers the main obstacle to economic development. The main hindrance which was considering the impediment of agriculture sector is ……..
1) existence of intermediaries between the state and the cultivators.2) tenants are very much insecure here, due to huge pressure of debt, absence of ownership rights, minimum  subsistence level output remain in their hand.. 3) Small and fragmented land hindering to implement of techniques for better production. 4) Uneven distribution of land holding create miserably huge difference   between upper and lower section of the society.5) foremost lack of effective organization of the peasantry.

Objectives of land reforms
The main objectives of land reform are to growth oriented of agriculture sector. According to planning commission of India this objectives may be achieved through different measures. 1) Abolition of intermediaries.2) Tenancy reforms.3) consolidation of land holding. 4) Co-operative farming.5) Updating of land records. 6) Ceiling of land holding.

1) Abolition of intermediaries

There were three different types of land system prevailing during the time of independence (1947).Zamindari system, Ryotwari system, and Mahalwari system. In this three system cultivators own the land and cultivates the land but they are not the owner of the land, and also they are not responsible for paying land taxes to the government.

In this three system cultivators suffers a lot. In Zamindari system Zamindar mainly snatched the surplus above the minimum subsistence level. In Mahalwari and Rayotwari system cultivators lend money from the Mahajon and slipped out their valuable land. So the condition of agrarian structure in this era miserable once and consider the main stagnant point in the economy.
Government gave top priority to abolish the intermediaries system on the eve of the independence.

2) Tenancy reforms

The second aspect of land reform was tenancy reform .Without strengthen the tenant and gave them proper security it was impossible to transform the agrarian structure.

a) Fixation of rent-Planning commission suggested that rent payable by cultivating tenants to the landlord should not exceed one fifth - one forth to the total produce.

B) Conferring the ownership right on tenants-Tenants need some ownership to produce more and to work on land more effectively. In some states tenants are enabling the ownership right on land after the payment of land revenue out of net income from the land to the land owner.

c) Security of tenure-Several states promoted legislation to secure the tenants. Such as 1) prevention a large scale ejection of tenants.2) a minimum amount of land assured for the tenants in case of resumption.

3) Ceiling of land holding-To reduce the huge difference in the agrarian structure in India, government had taken these steps. Ceiling of land holding means fixation of the maximum size of holding land. Beyond this maximum size all land belonging to the land lord taken over by the government to redistribute among the landless laborers.

4) Consolidation of holding-Consolidation holding means pooling together all the scattered pieces of land belonging to a single land owner. These steps minimize the waste, resulting from the fragmentation of land holding. Fragmentation and sub-division of holding lead to wastage of land in the form of boundaries. Small size of holding land prevent farmer to apply better quality inputs and technology. More over human and cattle energy is also waste in small piece of land.

5) Co-operative farming- Co-operative farming means organize the cultivated land. ie. Pooled the fragmented land in to a single unit. Management of land carried on jointly and they are paid jointly.Net profit distributed among the members after deducting money for building up resources and for security.

6) Updating land records- Non availability of land records are the main hindrance to implement the land reform activities. After the green revolution and adoption of new technology it has become very necessary to maintain proper records.

Conclusions- land reform consider a very significant instrument to change the rural disparities and to develop the agrarian system. But we point out some obstacle and poor performance of land reform like lack of political will, absence of correct land records, absence of pressure and unorganized farmer unable to claim their legal rights. Overall economic backwardness is another reason for proper implementation of land reform in the country.


Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

If you have any doubts,please let me know

Popular posts from this blog

Tax and its principle

Canon of taxation A good taxation system must achieve some major objectives from the justification ground, which is able to turn the taxation system more equitable for the public and at the same time decrease inequality from the society. This principle must be fit for social welfare context also. To achieve this criteria the great economist Adam Smith suggested four important set of principle. This is popularly known as Canon of taxation.Some other economist also suggested some more canon of taxation. The major four canon of taxation which is prescribed by Adam Smith are 1) Canon of equality - taxation is not a process of collection of tax only rather it has some major objectives also. To erase inequality from the society it may takes an important steps. In realistic situation we face income is subject to diminishing marginal utility .That means if income increases the utility derived from the additional unit is decreases. In that case if same percentage of tax is applicabl...
2 comments
Read more

How GST works

Now a day’s GST is the most important topic to discuss .As our prevailing Government has change the total indirect tax structure through GST. All we know the full form of GST is Good and service tax but the confusion arises when some commodity is cheaper and some are dearer. In our federal structure there are two types of tax , direct tax and indirect tax . Income tax, interest tax, wealth tax corporation tax all are fall under the direct tax regime &custom duty, excise duty, sales tax, service tax all are example of service tax. As GST is implemented on indirect tax so we have to clear it that our income tax is not takes effect through it. Indirect tax is called regressive tax because when a tax levied to someone it will be passed to the other & the weaker section bear a heavy tax burden than the richer section. So to minimize the tax burden & for more transparency GST is a better way. GST is a single tax system which unified our tax structure &give ...
1 comment
Read more

The importance of land in underdeveloped countries

Land is considered a valuable asset for all of us. In simple term if we define what is land we can say that it is that part of earth surface which is not covered by water and which is dry, but in real sense we are bothered that part of  the land which is usable for human survival and development. We know that earth is containing three part of water and one part of land. But in this one part of land people are not able to use that part of land which is situated in high hill area, desert area and the area which is covered with dense forest. So, the land which is near the river is very much valuable and precious for human being. For survival land is considered a productive capital. History tell us that many war had been happened to protect own motherland, but due to its fixed nature the pressure on land increased day by day with increasing population .Though our modern technology try to increase the portion of land artificially in the earth surface through land reclamation or ...
Post a Comment
Read more